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author Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
date Wed, 23 Nov 2011 19:22:13 +0100
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd">
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3
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4 <html lang="en">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta name="generator" content=
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7 "HTML Tidy for Mac OS X (vers 1st December 2004), see www.w3.org">
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8 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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10
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11 <title>Z-Domain Fit (LTPDA Toolbox)</title>
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12 <link rel="stylesheet" href="docstyle.css" type="text/css">
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13 <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.52.2">
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14 <meta name="description" content=
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15 "Presents an overview of the features, system requirements, and starting the toolbox.">
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16 </head>
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17
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18 <body>
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19 <a name="top_of_page" id="top_of_page"></a>
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20
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21 <p style="font-size:1px;">&nbsp;</p>
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22
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23 <table class="nav" summary="Navigation aid" border="0" width=
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24 "100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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25 <tr>
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26 <td valign="baseline"><b>LTPDA Toolbox</b></td><td><a href="../helptoc.html">contents</a></td>
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27
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28 <td valign="baseline" align="right"><a href=
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29 "sigproc_example_matrix_linfitsvd_ssm.html"><img src="b_prev.gif" border="0" align=
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30 "bottom" alt="Iterative linear parameter estimation for multichannel systems - ssm system model in time domain"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=
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31 "sdomainfit.html"><img src="b_next.gif" border="0" align=
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32 "bottom" alt="S-Domain Fit"></a></td>
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33 </tr>
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34 </table>
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35
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36 <h1 class="title"><a name="f3-12899" id="f3-12899"></a>Z-Domain Fit</h1>
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37 <hr>
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38
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39 <p>
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40
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41 <!-- ================================================== -->
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42 <!-- BEGIN CONTENT FILE -->
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43 <!-- ================================================== -->
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44 <!-- ===== link box: Begin ===== -->
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45 <p>
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46 <table border="1" width="80%">
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47 <tr>
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48 <td>
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49 <table border="0" cellpadding="5" class="categorylist" width="100%">
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50 <colgroup>
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51 <col width="37%"/>
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52 <col width="63%"/>
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53 </colgroup>
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54 <tbody>
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55 <tr valign="top">
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56 <td>
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57 <a href="#description">Description</a>
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58 </td>
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59 <td>Z-domain system identification in LTPDA.</td>
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60 </tr>
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61 <tr valign="top">
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62 <td>
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63 <a href="#algorithm">Algorithm</a>
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64 </td>
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65 <td>Fit Algorithm.</td>
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66 </tr>
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67 <tr valign="top">
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68 <td>
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69 <a href="#examples">Examples</a>
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70 </td>
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71 <td>Usage example of z-domain system identification tool.</td>
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72 </tr>
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73 <tr valign="top">
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74 <td>
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75 <a href="#references">References</a>
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76 </td>
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77 <td>Bibliographic references.</td>
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78 </tr>
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79 </tbody>
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80 </table>
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81 </td>
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82 </tr>
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83 </table>
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84 </p>
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85 <!-- ===== link box: End ====== -->
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86
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87
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88
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89 <h2><a name="description">Z-domain system identification in LTPDA</a></h2>
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90 <p>
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91 System identification in z-domain is performed with the function
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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92 <a href="matlab:doc('ao/zDomainFit')">zDomainFit</a>.
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93 It is based on a modeified version of the vector fitting algorithm that was
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94 adapted to fit in z-domain. Details on the core agorithm can be found in [1 - 3].
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95 </p>
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96 <p>
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97 If you provide more than one AO as input, they will be fitted
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98 together with a common set of poles.
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99 Only frequency domain (<a href="matlab:doc('fsdata')">fsdata</a>) data can be
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100 fitted. Each non fsdata object is ignored. Input
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101 objects must have the same number of elements.
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102 </p>
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103
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104
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105 <h2><a name="algorithm">Fit algorithm</a></h2>
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106
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107 <p>
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108 The function performs a fitting loop to automatically identify model
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109 order and parameters in z-domain. Output is a z-domain model expanded
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110 in partial fractions:
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111 </p>
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112 <p>
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113 <div>
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114 <IMG src="images/zdomainfit_1.gif" border="0">
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115 </div>
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116 </p>
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117 <p>
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118 Each element of the partial fraction expansion can be seen as a
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119 <a href="sigproc_iir.html">miir</a> filter. Therefore the complete expansion
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120 is simply a parallel <a href="sigproc_filterbanks.html">filterbank</a> of
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121 <a href="sigproc_iir.html">miir</a> filters.
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122 Since the function can fit more than one input analysis object at a time
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123 with a common set of poles, output filterbank are embedded in a
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124 <a href="class_desc_matrix.html">matrix</a> (note that this characteristic
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125 will be probably changed becausse of the introduction of the
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126 <a href="class_desc_collection.html">collection</a> class).
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127 </p>
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128 <p>
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129 Identification loop stops when the stop condition is reached.
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130 Stop criterion is based on three different approaches:
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131 <ol>
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132 <li> Mean Squared Error and variation <br>
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133 Check if the normalized mean squared error is lower than the value specified in
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134 <tt>FITTOL</tt> and if the relative variation of the mean squared error is lower
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135 than the value specified in <tt>MSEVARTOL</tt>.
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136 E.g. <tt>FITTOL = 1e-3</tt>, <tt>MSEVARTOL = 1e-2</tt> search for a fit with
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137 normalized meam square error lower than <tt>1e-3</tt> and <tt>MSE</tt> relative
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138 variation lower than <tt>1e-2</tt>.
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139 </li>
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140 <li> Log residuals difference and root mean squared error
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141 <ul>
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142 <li> Log Residuals difference <br>
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143 Check if the minimum of the logarithmic difference between data and
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144 residuals is larger than a specified value. ie. if the conditioning
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145 value is <tt>2</tt>, the function ensures that the difference between data and
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146 residuals is at lest two order of magnitude lower than data itsleves.
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147 <li> Root Mean Squared Error <br>
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148 Check that the variation of the root mean squared error is lower than
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149 <tt>10^(-1*value)</tt>.
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150 </ul>
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151 </li>
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152 <li> Residuals spectral flatness and root mean squared error
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153 <ul>
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154 <li> Residuals Spectral Flatness <br>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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155 In case of a fit on noisy data, the residuals from a good fit are
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156 expected to be as much as possible similar to a white noise. This
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157 property can be used to test the accuracy of a fit procedure. In
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158 particular it can be tested that the spectral flatness coefficient of
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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159 the residuals is larger than a certain qiantity sf such that <tt>0 < sf < 1</tt>.
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160 <li> Root Mean Squared Error <br>
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161 Check that the variation of the root mean squared error is lower than
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162 <tt>10^(-1*value)</tt>.
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163 </ul>
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164 </li>
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165 </ol>
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166 Fitting loop stops when the two stopping conditions are satisfied, in both cases.
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167 </p>
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168 <p>
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169 The function can also perform a single loop without taking care of
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170 the stop conditions. This happens when <span class="string">'AUTOSEARCH'</span> parameter is
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171 set to <span class="string">'OFF'</span>.
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172 </p>
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173
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174
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175
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176 <h2><a name="examples">Usage example of z-domain system identification tool</a></h2>
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177 <p>
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178 In this example we fit a given frequency response to get a stable <tt>miir</tt> filter.
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179 For the meaning of any parameter please refer to
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180 <a href="matlab:doc('ao')">ao</a> and
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181 <a href="matlab:doc('ao/zDomainFit')">zDomainFit</a>
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182 documentation pages.
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183 </p>
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184
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185 <div class="fragment"><pre>
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186 pl = plist(...
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187 <span class="string">'fsfcn'</span>, <span class="string">'(1e-3./(2.*pi.*1i.*f).^2 + 1e3./(0.001+2.*pi.*1i.*f) + 1e5.*(2.*pi.*1i.*f).^2).*1e-10'</span>,...
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188 <span class="string">'f1'</span>, 1e-6,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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189 <span class="string">'f2'</span>, 5,...
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190 <span class="string">'nf'</span>, 100);
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191
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192 a = ao(pl);
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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193 a.setName;
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194
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195 <span class="comment">% Fit parameter list</span>
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196 pl_fit = plist(<span class="string">'FS'</span>,10,...
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197 <span class="string">'AutoSearch'</span>,<span class="string">'on'</span>,...
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198 <span class="string">'StartPolesOpt'</span>,<span class="string">'clog'</span>,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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199 <span class="string">'maxiter'</span>,50,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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200 <span class="string">'minorder'</span>,15,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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201 <span class="string">'maxorder'</span>,30,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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202 <span class="string">'weightparam'</span>,<span class="string">'abs'</span>,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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203 <span class="string">'CONDTYPE'</span>,<span class="string">'MSE'</span>,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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204 <span class="string">'FITTOL'</span>,1e-2,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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205 <span class="string">'MSEVARTOL'</span>,1e-1,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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206 <span class="string">'Plot'</span>,<span class="string">'on'</span>,...
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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207 <span class="string">'ForceStability'</span>,<span class="string">'on'</span>);
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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208
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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209 <span class="comment">% Do fit</span>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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210 mod = zDomainFit(a, pl_fit);
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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211 </pre></div>
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212
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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213 <p>
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214 <tt>mod</tt> is a <tt>matrix</tt> object containing a <tt>filterbank</tt> object.
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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215 </p>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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216
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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217 <div class="fragment"><pre>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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218 >> mod
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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219 ---- matrix 1 ----
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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220 name: fit(a)
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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221 size: 1x1
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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222 01: filterbank | filterbank(fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.19e+005 0], b=[1 0.0223]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.67e+005 0], b=[1 0.137]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-5.41e+004 0], b=[1 0.348]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.15e+004 0], b=[1 0.603]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.69e+005 0], b=[1 0.639]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.6e+005 0], b=[1 0.64]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[9.99e-009 0], b=[1 -1]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-4.95e-010 0], b=[1 1]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[9.4e+003-i*3.7e+003 0], b=[1 -0.0528-i*0.0424]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[9.4e+003+i*3.7e+003 0], b=[1 -0.0528+i*0.0424]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.66e+003-i*1.45e+004 0], b=[1 0.0233-i*0.112]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.66e+003+i*1.45e+004 0], b=[1 0.0233+i*0.112]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.67e+004+i*432 0], b=[1 0.171-i*0.14]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.67e+004-i*432 0], b=[1 0.171+i*0.14]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[7.61e+003+i*7.36e+003 0], b=[1 0.378-i*0.112]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[7.61e+003-i*7.36e+003 0], b=[1 0.378+i*0.112]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[3.67e-015-i*4.61e-006 0], b=[1 -1-i*1.08e-010]), fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[3.67e-015+i*4.61e-006 0], b=[1 -1+i*1.08e-010]))
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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223 description:
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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224 UUID: 9274455a-68e8-4bf1-b1ad-db81551f3cd6
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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225 ------------------
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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226 </pre></div>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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227
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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228 <p>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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229 The <tt>filterbank</tt> object contains a parallel bank of 18 filters.
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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230 </p>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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231
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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232 <div class="fragment"><pre>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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233 >> mod.objs
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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234 ---- filterbank 1 ----
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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235 name: fit(a)
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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236 type: parallel
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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237 01: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.19e+005 0], b=[1 0.0223])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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238 02: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.67e+005 0], b=[1 0.137])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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239 03: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-5.41e+004 0], b=[1 0.348])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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240 04: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.15e+004 0], b=[1 0.603])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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241 05: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.69e+005 0], b=[1 0.639])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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242 06: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.6e+005 0], b=[1 0.64])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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243 07: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[9.99e-009 0], b=[1 -1])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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244 08: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-4.95e-010 0], b=[1 1])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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245 09: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[9.4e+003-i*3.7e+003 0], b=[1 -0.0528-i*0.0424])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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246 10: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[9.4e+003+i*3.7e+003 0], b=[1 -0.0528+i*0.0424])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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247 11: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.66e+003-i*1.45e+004 0], b=[1 0.0233-i*0.112])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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248 12: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[1.66e+003+i*1.45e+004 0], b=[1 0.0233+i*0.112])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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249 13: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.67e+004+i*432 0], b=[1 0.171-i*0.14])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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250 14: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[-1.67e+004-i*432 0], b=[1 0.171+i*0.14])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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251 15: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[7.61e+003+i*7.36e+003 0], b=[1 0.378-i*0.112])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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252 16: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[7.61e+003-i*7.36e+003 0], b=[1 0.378+i*0.112])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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253 17: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[3.67e-015-i*4.61e-006 0], b=[1 -1-i*1.08e-010])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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254 18: fit(a)(fs=10.00, ntaps=2.00, a=[3.67e-015+i*4.61e-006 0], b=[1 -1+i*1.08e-010])
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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255 description:
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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256 UUID: 21af6960-61a8-4351-b504-e6f2b5e55b06
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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257 ----------------------
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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258 </pre></div>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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259
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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260 <p>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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261 Each object of the <tt>filterbank</tt> is a <tt>miir</tt> filter.
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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262 </p>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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263
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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264 <div class="fragment"><pre>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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265 filt = mod.objs.filters.index(3)
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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266 ------ miir/1 -------
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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267 b: [1 0.348484501572296]
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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268 histin: 0
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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269 version: $Id: zdomainfit_content.html,v 1.6 2009/08/27 11:38:58 luigi Exp $
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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270 ntaps: 2
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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271 fs: 10
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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272 infile:
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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273 a: [-54055.7700068032 0]
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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274 histout: 0
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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275 iunits: [] [1x1 unit]
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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276 ounits: [] [1x1 unit]
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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277 hist: miir.hist [1x1 history]
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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278 procinfo: (empty-plist) [1x1 plist]
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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279 plotinfo: (empty-plist) [1x1 plist]
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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280 name: (fit(a)(3,1))(3)
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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281 description:
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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282 mdlfile:
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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283 UUID: 6e2a1cd8-f17d-4c9d-aea9-4d9a96e41e68
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
parents:
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284 ---------------------
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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285 </pre></div>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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286
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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287
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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288 <h2><a name="references">References</a></h2>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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289 <p>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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290 <ol>
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Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it>
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291 <li> B. Gustavsen and A. Semlyen, "Rational approximation of frequency
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292 domain responses by Vector Fitting", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery
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293 vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1052-1061, July 1999.
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294 <li> B. Gustavsen, "Improving the Pole Relocating Properties of Vector
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295 Fitting", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery vol. 21, no. 3, pp.
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296 1587-1592, July 2006.
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297 <li> Y. S. Mekonnen and J. E. Schutt-Aine, "Fast broadband
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298 macromodeling technique of sampled time/frequency data using
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299 z-domain vector-fitting method", Electronic Components and
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300 Technology Conference, 2008. ECTC 2008. 58th 27-30 May 2008 pp.
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301 1231 - 1235.
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302 </ol>
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303 </p>
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304 </p>
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306 <br>
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307 <br>
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308 <table class="nav" summary="Navigation aid" border="0" width=
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309 "100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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310 <tr valign="top">
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311 <td align="left" width="20"><a href="sigproc_example_matrix_linfitsvd_ssm.html"><img src=
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312 "b_prev.gif" border="0" align="bottom" alt=
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313 "Iterative linear parameter estimation for multichannel systems - ssm system model in time domain"></a>&nbsp;</td>
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314
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315 <td align="left">Iterative linear parameter estimation for multichannel systems - ssm system model in time domain</td>
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316
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317 <td>&nbsp;</td>
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318
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319 <td align="right">S-Domain Fit</td>
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320
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321 <td align="right" width="20"><a href=
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322 "sdomainfit.html"><img src="b_next.gif" border="0" align=
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323 "bottom" alt="S-Domain Fit"></a></td>
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324 </tr>
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325 </table><br>
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326
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327 <p class="copy">&copy;LTP Team</p>
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328 </body>
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329 </html>