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| author | Daniele Nicolodi <nicolodi@science.unitn.it> |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 07 Dec 2011 17:29:47 +0100 |
| parents | f0afece42f48 |
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="generator" content= "HTML Tidy for Mac OS X (vers 1st December 2004), see www.w3.org"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= "text/html; charset=us-ascii"> <title>Noise generation with given cross-spectral density (LTPDA Toolbox)</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="docstyle.css" type="text/css"> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.52.2"> <meta name="description" content= "Presents an overview of the features, system requirements, and starting the toolbox."> </head> <body> <a name="top_of_page" id="top_of_page"></a> <p style="font-size:1px;"> </p> <table class="nav" summary="Navigation aid" border="0" width= "100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td valign="baseline"><b>LTPDA Toolbox</b></td><td><a href="../helptoc.html">contents</a></td> <td valign="baseline" align="right"><a href= "franklin_ng.html"><img src="b_prev.gif" border="0" align= "bottom" alt="Franklin noise-generator"></a> <a href= "smodel.html"><img src="b_next.gif" border="0" align= "bottom" alt="Parameteric models"></a></td> </tr> </table> <h1 class="title"><a name="f3-12899" id="f3-12899"></a>Noise generation with given cross-spectral density</h1> <hr> <p> <!-- ================================================== --> <!-- BEGIN CONTENT FILE --> <!-- ================================================== --> <!-- ===== link box: Begin ===== --> <p> <table border="1" width="80%"> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" class="categorylist" width="100%"> <colgroup> <col width="37%"/> <col width="63%"/> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td> <a href="#mchspectra">Multichannel Spectra</a> </td> <td>Theoretical background on multichannel spectra.</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <a href="#NGTheory">Noise generation</a> </td> <td>Theoretical introduction to multichannel noise generation.</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <a href="#ngMCH">Multichannel Noise Generation</a> </td> <td>Generation of multichannel noise with given cross-spectral density matrix.</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <a href="#ng1D">Noisegen 1D</a> </td> <td>Generation of one-dimensional noise with given spectral density.</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <a href="#ng2D">Noisegen 2D</a> </td> <td>Generation of two-dimensional noise with given cross-spectral density.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </p> <!-- ===== link box: End ====== --> <p> </p> <p> The following sections gives an introduction to the generation of model noise with a given cross spectral density. Further details can be found in ref. [1]. </p> <!-- ===== Multichannel Spectra Theory ====== --> <h2><a name="mchspectra">Theoretical background on multichannel spectra</a></h2> <p> We define the autocorrelation function (ACF) of a stationary multichannel process as: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn1.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> If the multichannel process is L dimensional then the kth element of the ACF is a LxL matrix: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn2.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> The ACF matrix is not hermitian but have the property that: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn3.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> The cross-spectral density matrix (CSD) is defined as the fourier transform of the ACF: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn4.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> the CSD matrix is hermitian. </p> <p> A multichannel white noise process is defined as the process whose ACF satisfies: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn5.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> therefore the cross-spectral matrix has constant terms as a function of the frequency: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn6.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> The individual processes are each white noise processes with power spectral density (PSD) given by <IMG src="images/ngEqn7.gif" align="center" border="0">. The cross-correlation between the processes is zero except at the same time instant where they are correlated with a cross-correlation given by the off-diagonal elements of <IMG src="images/ngEqn8.gif" align="center" border="0">. A common assumption is <IMG src="images/ngEqn9.gif" align="center" border="0"> (identity matrix) that is equivalent to assume the white processes having unitary variance and are completely uncorrelated being zero the off diagonal terms of the CSD matrix. Further details can be found in [1 - 3]. </p> <!-- ===== Multichannel Noise Generation Theory ====== --> <h2><a name="NGTheory">Theoretical introduction to multichannel noise generation</a></h2> <p> The problem of multichannel noise generation with a given cross-spectrum is formulated in frequency domain as follows: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn10.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> <IMG src="images/ngEqn11.gif" align="center" border="0"> is a multichannel digital filter that generating colored noise data with given cross-spectrum <IMG src="images/ngEqn12.gif" align="center" border="0"> starting from a set of mutually independent unitary variance with noise processes. </p> <p> After some mathematics it can be showed that the desired multichannel coloring filter can be written as: </p> <div> <IMG src="images/ngEqn13.gif" align="center" border="0"> </div> <p> </p> <p> where <IMG src="images/ngEqn14.gif" align="center" border="0"> and <IMG src="images/ngEqn15.gif" align="center" border="0"> are the eigenvectors and eigenvalues matrices of <IMG src="images/ngEqn12.gif" align="center" border="0"> matrix. </p> <!-- ===== Multichannel Noise Generator ====== --> <h2><a name="ngMCH">Generation of multichannel noise with given cross-spectral density matrix</a></h2> <p> <tt>LTPDA Toolbox</tt> provides two methods (<a href="matlab:doc('matrix/mchNoisegenFilter')">mchNoisegenFilter</a> and <a href="matlab:doc('matrix/mchNoisegen')">mchNoisegen</a>) of the class <tt>matrix</tt> for the production of multichannel noise coloring filter and multichannel colored noise data series. Noise data are colored Gaussian distributed time series with given cross-spectral density matrix. Noise generation process is properly initialized in order to avoid starting transients on the data series. Details on frequency domain identification of noisegen filters and on the noise generation process can be found in ref. [1]. <a href="matlab:doc('matrix/mchNoisegenFilter')">mchNoisegenFilter</a> needs a model for the one-sided cross-spectral density or power spectral density if we are considering one-dimensional problems. <a href="matlab:doc('matrix/mchNoisegen')">mchNoisegen</a> instead accepts as input the noise generating filter produced by <a href="matlab:doc('matrix/mchNoisegenFilter')">mchNoisegenFilter</a>. Details on accepted parameters can be found on the documentation pages of the two methods: <ul> <li> <a href="matlab:doc('matrix/mchNoisegenFilter')">mchNoisegenFilter</a> <li> <a href="matlab:doc('matrix/mchNoisegen')">mchNoisegen</a> </ul> </p> <!-- ===== Noisegen 1D ====== --> <h2><a name="ng1D">Generation of one-dimensional noise with given spectral density</a></h2> <p> <tt>noisegen1D</tt> is a coloring tool allowing the generation of colored noise from withe noise with a given spectrum. The function constructs a coloring filter through a fitting procedure to the model provided. If no model is provided an error is prompted. The colored noise provided has one-sided psd corresponding to the input model. The function needs a model for the one-sided power spectral density of the given process. Details on accepted parameters can be found on the <a href="matlab:doc('ao/noisegen1D')">noisegen1D</a> documentation page. <br> <ol> <li> The square root of the model for the power spectral density is fit in z-domain in order to determine a coloring filter. <li> Unstable poles are removed by an all-pass stabilization procedure. <li> White input data are filtered with the identified filter in order to be colored. </ol> </p> <!-- ===== Noisegen 2D ====== --> <h2><a name="ng2D">Generation of two-dimensional noise with given cross-spectral density</a></h2> <p> <tt>noisegen2D</tt> is a nose coloring tool allowing the generation two data series with the given cross-spectral density from two starting white and mutually uncorrelated data series. Coloring filters are constructed by a fitting procedure to a model for the corss-spectral density matrix provided. In order to work with <tt>noisegen2D</tt> you must provide a model (frequency series analysis objects) for the cross-spectral density matrix of the process. Details on accepted parameters can be found on the <a href="matlab:doc('ao/noisegen2D')">noisegen2D</a> documentation page. <br> <ol> <li> Coloring filters frequency response is calculated by the eigendecomposition of the model cross-spectral matrix. <li> Calculated responses are fit in z-domain in order to identify corresponding autoregressive moving average filters. <li> Input time-series are filtered. The filtering process corresponds to:<br> o(1) = Filt11(a(1)) + Filt12(a(2))<br> o(2) = Filt21(a(1)) + Filt22(a(2)) </ol> </p> <h2>References</h2> <p> <ol> <li> L. Ferraioli et. al., Calibrating spectral estimation for the LISA Technology Package with multichannel synthetic noise generation, Phys. Rev. D 82, 042001 (2010). <li> S. M. Kay, Modern Spectral Estimation, Prentice-Hall, 1999 </li> <li> G. M. Jenkins and D. G. Watts, Spectral Analysis and Its Applications, Holden-Day 1968. </li> </ol> </p> </p> <br> <br> <table class="nav" summary="Navigation aid" border="0" width= "100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" width="20"><a href="franklin_ng.html"><img src= "b_prev.gif" border="0" align="bottom" alt= "Franklin noise-generator"></a> </td> <td align="left">Franklin noise-generator</td> <td> </td> <td align="right">Parameteric models</td> <td align="right" width="20"><a href= "smodel.html"><img src="b_next.gif" border="0" align= "bottom" alt="Parameteric models"></a></td> </tr> </table><br> <p class="copy">©LTP Team</p> </body> </html>